Authenticate NEAR Users

Recently NEAR has approved a new standard that, among other things, enables users to authenticate into a backend service.

The basic idea is that the user will sign a challenge with their NEAR wallet, and the backend will verify the signature. If the signature is valid, then the user is authenticated.

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Backend Auth with a NEAR Wallet

Authenticating users is a common use-case for backends and web applications. This enables services to provide a personalized experience to users, and to protect sensitive data.

To authenticate a user, the backend must verify that the user is who they say they are. To do so, the backend must verify that the user has access to a full-access key that is associated with their account.

For this three basic steps are needed:

1. Create a challenge for the user to sign.
2. Ask the user to sign the challenge with the wallet.
3. Verify the signature corresponds to the user.

1) Create a Challenge

Assume we want to login the user into our application named application-name.

We first need to create a challenge that the user will sign with their wallet. For this, it is recommended to use a cryptographically secure random number generator to create the challenge.

import { randomBytes } from 'crypto'
const challenge = randomBytes(32)
const message = 'Login with NEAR'

note

Here we use crypto.randomBytes to generate a 32 byte random buffer.

2. Ask the User to Sign the Challenge

The signMessage method needed to sign the challenge is supported by these wallets:

• Meteor Wallet
• Here Wallet
• Near Snap
• Nightly Wallet
• WELLDONE Wallet
• NearMobileWallet
• MyNearWallet
• Sender

The message that the user needs to sign contains 4 fields:

• Message: The message that the user is signing.
• Recipient: The recipient of the message.
• Nonce: The challenge that the user is signing.
• Callback URL: The URL that the wallet will call with the signature.

// Assuming you setup a wallet selector so far
const signature = wallet.signMessage({ message, recipient, nonce: challenge, callbackUrl: <server-auth-url> })

3. Verify the Signature

Once the user has signed the challenge, the wallet will call the callbackUrl with the signature. The backend can then verify the signature.

const naj = require('near-api-js')
const js_sha256 = require("js-sha256")

export async function authenticate({ accountId, publicKey, signature }) {
  // A user is correctly authenticated if:
  // - The key used to sign belongs to the user and is a Full Access Key
  // - The object signed contains the right message and domain
  const full_key_of_user = await verifyFullKeyBelongsToUser({ accountId, publicKey })
  const valid_signature = verifySignature({ publicKey, signature })
  return valid_signature && full_key_of_user
}

export function verifySignature({ publicKey, signature }) {
  // Reconstruct the payload that was **actually signed**
  const payload = new Payload({ message: MESSAGE, nonce: CHALLENGE, recipient: APP, callbackUrl: cURL });
  const borsh_payload = borsh.serialize(payloadSchema, payload);
  const to_sign = Uint8Array.from(js_sha256.sha256.array(borsh_payload))

  // Reconstruct the signature from the parameter given in the URL
  let real_signature = Buffer.from(signature, 'base64')

  // Use the public Key to verify that the private-counterpart signed the message
  const myPK = naj.utils.PublicKey.from(publicKey)
  return myPK.verify(to_sign, real_signature)
}

export async function verifyFullKeyBelongsToUser({ publicKey, accountId }) {
  // Call the public RPC asking for all the users' keys
  let data = await fetch_all_user_keys({ accountId })

  // if there are no keys, then the user could not sign it!
  if (!data || !data.result || !data.result.keys) return false

  // check all the keys to see if we find the used_key there
  for (const k in data.result.keys) {
    if (data.result.keys[k].public_key === publicKey) {
      // Ensure the key is full access, meaning the user had to sign
      // the transaction through the wallet
      return data.result.keys[k].access_key.permission == "FullAccess"
    }
  }

  return false // didn't find it
}

// Aux method
async function fetch_all_user_keys({ accountId }) {
  const keys = await fetch(
    "https://rpc.testnet.near.org",
    {
      method: 'post',
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8' },
      body: `{"jsonrpc":"2.0", "method":"query", "params":["access_key/${accountId}", ""], "id":1}`
    }).then(data => data.json()).then(result => result)
  return keys
}

module.exports = { authenticate, verifyFullKeyBelongsToUser, verifySignature };